The following risk factors have been identified:

* Being female

* Thin and/or small frame

* Advanced age

* A family history of osteoporosis

* Postmenopause, including early or surgically induced menopause

* Abnormal absence of menstrual periods (amenorrhea)

* Anorexia nervosa or bulimia

* A diet low in calcium

* Use of certain medications, such as corticosteroids and anticonvulsants

* Low testosterone levels in men

* An inactive lifestyle

* Cigarette smoking

* Excessive use of alcohol

* Being Caucasian or Asian, although African descent and Hispanic descent individuals are at significant risk as well